Citation style for Finance

The Journal of Finance style

This guide - an introduction to citing for students of Finance at the University of Melbourne - is based on the Journal of Finance style. For further information, contact this Journal of Finance site

The Journal of Finance style is an author-date method - cited references are:

1. referred to in the text
2. listed in a reference list (double spaced) at the end of the text - before tables and figures.
   Footnotes in the text are numbered consecutively; listed (double spaced) on a separate page after the reference section.

In-text citations

The Journal of Finance uses the author-date method of citation: author surname, year of publication.
ONLY include page number(s) if you quote or closely paraphrase a source.

Position of citation

• END of a sentence: '...was the most significant (surname, date).'
• MIDDLE of a sentence: 'The study by surname (date) suggests...'

Citing authors

1. Two authors with same surname: include first initials
   • '...(P. Jones, 1999).' or
   • '...A. Jones (2001).'
2. Two or more authors
   • END of a sentence use an ampersand: '...was the most significant (Dunphy & Stace, 1990).'
   • MIDDLE of a sentence use and: 'The study by Dunphy and Stace (1990) argued that...'
3. Three or more authors
   • First reference, cite all names: '... (McTaggart, Findlay & Parkin, 1996).'
   • Further references, cite first name followed by 'et al.,': (McTaggart et al., 1996)
4. Corporation or Association: name usually spelt out in full for each citation.
   An acronym can be used for further citations if it has been included - in square brackets - as part of the first citation
   • First reference, include acronym: '... (National Australia Bank [NAB], 1999).'
   • Further references, cite acronym: (NAB, 1999)
5. Multiple authors making the same point.
   Order surnames alphabetically, separate authors with a semicolon.
   • Eg. '... (Chan, 1997; Dunphy & Stace, 1990; Johnson, 1995, 2000).'
6. No named author.
   Include a short section of the title in quotation marks, followed by the publication date.
   • Eg. '... ("Hot tuna," 2002, May 7).'

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Citing page numbers

If you quote or closely paraphrase a source, include a page reference.

• Single page:'...(Cooper, 1999, p. 332).'
• Multiple page:'...(Cooper, 1999, pp. 319-20).'
• Electronic sources without page numbers.
  Use paragraph number preceded by paragraph symbol (¶): '...(StatSoft Inc., n.d., ¶5).'

Citing a secondary source

If you have not seen the original work, but have been made aware of it through another reference, name the original work and give the citation for the secondary source, eg.

• 'Carini's study (as cited in Paton, 1990) revealed that...' OR
• '...a further study revealed (Carini, as cited in Paton, 1990), that...'

Citing personal communications

Only cited in-text (reader can only recover the information through the author of the paper/assignment).
Include initial(s) and surname of the communicator and exact date of communication, eg.

• 'A. B. Smith (personal communication, April 20, 2002) stated that...' OR
• '...(A. B. Smith, personal communication, April 20, 2002).'