Harvard (Author/Date) Style

Reference Lists

All references cited in the text of a written assignment must be compiled into a List of References at the end of the document (although there are a few minor exceptions to this general rule). Do not list any references which are not cited in the text.

A List of References identifies sources used in the preparation of a written assignment. Any reader may check the original publication to determine whether it has been correctly interpreted and appropriately applied.

Main Components

Key components of a reference can be summarised as:

• WHO? Author, or authors, of the publication, ie , the person(s) primarily responsible for the work. If the source is a "publication within a publication" - eg , a chapter in a book - the author(s) of the chapter is given, as is the author (editor) of the complete publication.
• WHEN? Date of publication.
• WHAT? Full title of the publication. In all cases of a "publication within a publication" - eg, a chapter in a book or paper within a journal - both the title of the chapter or paper is given, as is the title of the book or journal.
• WHERE? Details of the person or entity responsible for publishing the work of the author(s). Typically these may include the name of the publisher, location of the publisher, number of pages, etc.

A consistent presentation sequence of components is always followed. The number of components represented in different types of reference can vary but the general sequences does not change, eg:

Formatting and punctuation

Presentation conventions include:

• italicised text formatting to primary publication title;
• commas, full stops, etc, for punctuation or as separators;
• abbreviations.

The most common requirements (see animated overview in a new window) include:

Author(s) name
The surname of all authors is given, each followed by initials of all given names:

Frederick, AR, Disney, VVA and Chang, Z 1999, 'Agricultural systems of the Hindu Kush', in Agricultural Systems Management in South Asia, 2nd edn, BR Singh and W Leroy (eds.), Academic Imprints, Melbourne, Australia, pp 56-71.

Date
Year of publication of the most recent edition.
No edition number is given if the source is the first edition of a publication. The dates of any reprints of an edition are not used.

Frederick, AR, Disney, VVA and Chang, Z 1999, 'Agricultural systems of the Hindu Kush', in Agricultural Systems Management in South Asia, 2nd edn, BR Singh and W Leroy (eds.), Academic Imprints, Melbourne, Australia, pp 56-71.

Publication title
Full title of the primary publication, in italics.

Frederick, AR, Disney, VVA and Chang, Z 1999, 'Agricultural systems of the Hindu Kush', in Agricultural Systems Management in South Asia, 2nd edn, BR Singh and W Leroy (eds.), Academic Imprints, Melbourne, Australia, pp 56-71.

Chapter or paper title
Full title of the secondary publication, eg chapter in a book or paper in a journal, etc. Given inside single quotation marks:

Frederick, AR, Disney, VVA and Chang, Z 1999, 'Agricultural systems of the Hindu Kush', in Agricultural Systems Management in South Asia, 2nd edn, BR Singh and W Leroy (eds.), Academic Imprints, Melbourne, Australia, pp 56-71.

Editor's name
Initials and full surnames of the editor(s) of a book, if applicable:

Frederick, AR, Disney, VVA and Chang, Z 1999, 'Agricultural systems of the Hindu Kush', in Agricultural Systems Management in South Asia, 2nd edn, BR Singh and W Leroy (eds.), Academic Imprints, Melbourne, Australia, pp 56-71.

Publisher and location
Name of the publisher, followed by city of publication. Country of publication can be added, if preferred:

Frederick, AR, Disney, VVA and Chang, Z 1999, 'Agricultural systems of the Hindu Kush', in Agricultural Systems Management in South Asia, 2nd edn, BR Singh and W Leroy (eds.), Academic Imprints, Melbourne, Australia, pp 56-71.

Volume and page numbers
Volume number (if the paper was published in a scientific or technical journal, or similar), followed by the first and last page numbers for the particular paper, or chapter in a book. If the author is responsible for a complete book, the number of pages is not given.

Frederick, AR, Disney, VVA and Chang, Z 1999, 'Agricultural systems of the Hindu Kush', in Agricultural Systems Management in South Asia, 2nd edn, BR Singh and W Leroy (eds.), Academic Imprints, Melbourne, Australia, pp 56-71.

Multiple publications; same author

• Same author; different years
  Normal conventions (author, year, title, etc).
• Same author; same year
  More than one reference by an author in the same year: these are distinguished in order of publication using a lower-case alphabetical suffix after the year of publication (eg 1988a, 1988b, 1988c, etc). The same suffix is used to distinguish that reference for the in-text citations.

Rogers, EM 1983a, Diffusion of Innovations, 3rd edn, The Free Press, New York, USA

Rogers, EM 1983b, Prediction of diffusion rates in the innovation process, Journal of Scientific Communication, vol 6, pp 11-14

Rogers, EM 1983c, A response to Hanson's rebuttal of the diffusion concept, Journal of Scientific Communication, vol 8, pp 42-43

Rogers, EM 1984, I am right and you are wrong - nyah nyahnyi nyah nyah, Journal of Petty Arguments, vol 6, p 71

Order of Listing

The List of References is ordered alphabetically by primary authors' surnames.

• Multiple authors.
  • Use the sequence of authors' surnames exactly as given in the publication. The primary author, ie, major contributor, is listed first by the publisher.
• Same author:
  • different years: list the author's references chronologically, starting with the earliest date.
  • same year: use an alphabetical suffix (eg 1983a, 1983b).

Abbreviations

Abbreviations commonly used in citations are listed below.
Punctuation styles can vary. Very common abbreviations are often written without a full-stop; some publishers require that abbreviations which derive from Latin words be italicised. If in doubt, simply punctuate all abbreviations with a full -stop and do not italicise any of them.

Example Reference List

Presented with a hanging indent for each entry.

Alston, R (Australian Minister for Communications, Information Technology) 2003, Australian Government to ban spam, media release 122/03, National Office for Information Economy, Canberra, 23 July. From <http://www.noie.gov.au/publications/media_releases/2003/Jul/spam.htm>

Arch, A & Letourneau, C 2002, 'Auxiliary Benefits of Accessible Web Design', in W3C Web Accessibility initiative, accessed 26 February 2004, from <http://www.w3.org/WAI/bcase/benefits.html>

Barker, G 2004, '$54m Deal To Heat Up Broadband War', The Age, Business, 24 February, p 2.

Berlind D & Becker D 2003, 'Metadata: where content and storage meet', Technology & Business, December, p 30.

Coveney, M, Ganster, D, Hartlen, B & King, D 2003, The strategy gap: leveraging technology to execute winning strategies, Wiley, Hoboken, N. J.

Degen, H & Pedell, S 2004, 'The JIET Design Process for e-Business Applications', in D Diaper and N Stanton (eds.), The Handbook of Task Analysis for Human-Computer Interaction, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (LEA), London, pp. 193-220.

Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade 2002, Connecting with Asia's tech future: ICT export opportunities, Economic Analytical Unit, Commonwealth Government, Canberra.

Doss, G 2003, IS Project Management Handbook, Aspen Publishers, New York.

Eck, DJ 2002, Introduction To Programming Using Java, 3rd edn., OOPWeb.com, accessed 26 February 2004, from <http://www.oopweb.com/Java/Documents/IntroToProgrammingUsingJava/VolumeFrames.html>

Eidenberger, H, Breiteneder, C & Hitz, M 2002, 'A Framework for Visual Information Retrieval', in Shi-Kuo Chang, Zen Chen, Suh-Yin Lee (eds.), Recent advances in visual information systems: 5th international conference, VISUAL 2002 proceedings, Hsin Chu, Taiwan, March 11-13, 2002, pp. 105-116.

Hammer, M 1990, 'Reengineering Work: Don't Automate, Obliterate', Harvard Business Review, July-August, pp. 104-112.

Howard, S 1998, 'Verbal Protocol Analysis', in B Henderson-Sellers, A Simons and H Younessi (eds.), The Open Process Specification, Addison Wesley, Sydney, pp. 272-274.

Johnston RB, Mak HC & Kurnia S 2001, 'The contribution of Internet Electronic Commerce to advanced supply chain reform - a case study', in S Barnes & B Hunt (eds.), E-Commerce and V-Business, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, pp. 232-249.

Karlof, B 2002, 'Benchmarking', in H Bidgoli (ed). Encyclopedia of information systems, Academic Press, New York, vol. 1, pp. 65-80.

Knight, W 2004, 'How to second guess the next hack attack', New Scientist, 24 January, p 19.

Lacity, MC, Willcocks, LP & Feeny, DF 1995, 'IT outsourcing: maximize flexibility and control', Harvard Business Review, vol. 73, issue 3, May, pp. 84-93.

Lamb, R & Kling, R 2003, 'Reconceptualizing users as social actors in information systems research', MIS Quarterly, vol. 27, issue 2, June, p. 197.

Laudon, KC & Laudon, JP 2003, Essentials of management information systems: managing the digital firm, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, N.J.

Lenoir, L 2003, 'Response of the foraging behaviour of red wood ants (Formica rufa group) to exclusion from trees', Agricultural and Forest Entomology, vol. 5, no. 3, pp 183-189, viewed 10 September 2003, from <http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1461-9563.2003.00176.x/full/>.

MATLAB version 6.5.1, 2003, computer software, The MathWorks Inc., Natick, Massachusetts.

Mueller, JK, Heckathorn, SA and Fernando, D 2003, 'Identification of a chloroplast dehydrin in leaves of mature plants', International Journal of Plant Sciences, vol. 164, no. 4, pp 535-542, viewed on 10 September 2003, from <http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/IJPS/journal/issues/v164n4/164053/164053.html>.

Nielsen, J, Pernice Coyne, K & Tahir, M 2001 'Make it usable', PC Magazine, 6 February, p 11.

OpenOffice.org, computer software, accessed 11 January 2005 from <http://www.openoffice.org>

Rawson-Tetley, R Animal Shelter Manager, computer software, accessed 11 January 2005 from <http://sheltermanager.sourceforge.net>

Rouse, AC 2002, 'Information technology outsourcing revisited: success factors and risks', PhD Thesis, Dept. of Information Systems, University of Melbourne.

Shaw, MJ (ed) 2003, E-business management: integration of Web technologies with business models, Kluwer Academic, London.

Stier, SC and Siebert, SF 2002, 'The Kyoto Protocol: an opportunity for biodiversity restoration forestry', Conservation Biology, vol. 16, no. 3, p 575, viewed 10 September 2003,from <http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01626.x/full/>.

Varghese, S 2004, 'The Linux desktop is here', The Age, accessed 1 March 2004, from <http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2004/02/13/1076548215848.html>

World Atlas & Almanac 1995, CD-ROM, Mindscape Inc., Novato, California, USA.

For further information refer to Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002) or later editions.