Harvard (Author/Date) Style

Reference Lists

All references cited in the text of a written assignment must be compiled into a List of References at the end of the document (although there are a few minor exceptions to this general rule). Do not list any references which are not cited in the text. Save time by compiling a reference list as you write the assignment.

Main Components

The objective of a List of References is to fully identify sources used in the preparation of a written assignment. This enables any reader who wishes to check the original publication and determine, in their opinion, whether it has been correctly interpreted and appropriately applied. The key components of any reference can be summarised as:

• WHO?
  The author, or authors, of the publication, ie , the person(s) primarily responsible for the work. If the source is a "publication within a publication" - eg , a chapter in a book - the author(s) of the chapter is given, as is the author (editor) of the complete publication.
• WHEN?
  The date of publication.
• WHAT?
  Full title of the publication. In all cases of a "publication within a publication" - eg, a chapter in a book or paper within a journal - both the title of the chapter or paper is given, as is the title of the book or journal.
• WHERE?
  Details of the person or entity responsible for publishing the work of the author(s). Typically these may include the name of the publisher, location of the publisher, number of pages, etc.

A consistent presentation sequence of components is always followed. The number of components represented in different types of reference can vary a great deal but the general sequences do not change, eg:

Formatting and punctuation

There are a number of presentation conventions preferred by different publishers, particularly:

• the application of bold, underlined or italicised text formatting to different components of a reference;
• the use of commas, full stops, etc, for punctuation or as separators;
• abbreviations.

There is no single 'correct' text-formatting convention - styles and preference can vary across similar types of publication and change over time. Examples given throughout this author-date style for ILFR use a consistent formatting style based on the 6th edition of Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002), a standard reference in Australia and available in most of the University libraries. For convenience, follow these for all written assignments and save yourself time and headaches. If publishing outside ILFR (eg, a paper for a technical journal) the style may need to be varied in line with the preferred 'house-styles' of different publications.
The most common requirements (see an animated overview) include:

Author(s) name
The surname of all authors is given, each followed by initials of all given names:

Frederick, AR, Disney, VVA and Chang, Z 1999, 'Agricultural systems of the Hindu Kush', in Agricultural Systems Management in South Asia, 2nd edn, BR Singh and W Leroy (eds.), Academic Imprints, Melbourne, Australia, pp 56-71.

Date
Year of publication of the most recent edition.
No edition number is given if the source is the first edition of a publication. The dates of any reprints of an edition are not used.

Frederick, AR, Disney, VVA and Chang, Z 1999, 'Agricultural systems of the Hindu Kush', in Agricultural Systems Management in South Asia, 2nd edn, BR Singh and W Leroy (eds.), Academic Imprints, Melbourne, Australia, pp 56-71.

Publication title
Full title of the primary publication, in italics.

Frederick, AR, Disney, VVA and Chang, Z 1999, 'Agricultural systems of the Hindu Kush', in Agricultural Systems Management in South Asia, 2nd edn, BR Singh and W Leroy (eds.), Academic Imprints, Melbourne, Australia, pp 56-71.

Chapter or paper title
Full title of the secondary publication, eg chapter in a book or paper in a journal, etc. Given inside single quotation marks:

Frederick, AR, Disney, VVA and Chang, Z 1999, 'Agricultural systems of the Hindu Kush', in Agricultural Systems Management in South Asia, 2nd edn, BR Singh and W Leroy (eds.), Academic Imprints, Melbourne, Australia, pp 56-71.

Editor's name
Initials and full surnames of the editor(s) of a book, if applicable:

Frederick, AR, Disney, VVA and Chang, Z 1999, 'Agricultural systems of the Hindu Kush', in Agricultural Systems Management in South Asia, 2nd edn, BR Singh and W Leroy (eds.), Academic Imprints, Melbourne, Australia, pp 56-71.

Publisher and location
Name of the publisher, followed by city of publication. Country of publication can be added, if preferred:

Frederick, AR, Disney, VVA and Chang, Z 1999, 'Agricultural systems of the Hindu Kush', in Agricultural Systems Management in South Asia, 2nd edn, BR Singh and W Leroy (eds.), Academic Imprints, Melbourne, Australia, pp 56-71.

Volume and page numbers
Volume number (if the paper was published in a scientific or technical journal, or similar), followed by the first and last page numbers for the particular paper, or chapter in a book. If the author is responsible for a complete book, the number of pages is not given.

Frederick, AR, Disney, VVA and Chang, Z 1999, 'Agricultural systems of the Hindu Kush', in Agricultural Systems Management in South Asia, 2nd edn, BR Singh and W Leroy (eds.), Academic Imprints, Melbourne, Australia, pp 56-71.

Multiple publications; same author

• Same author; different years:
  Normal conventions (author, year, title, etc).
• Same author; same year:
  More than one reference by an author in the same year: these are distinguished in order of publication using a lower-case alphabetical suffix after the year of publication (eg 1988a, 1988b, 1988c, etc). The same suffix is used to distinguish that reference for the in-text citations. Example:

Rogers, EM 1983a, Diffusion of Innovations, 3rd edn, The Free Press, New York, USA

Rogers, EM 1983b, Prediction of diffusion rates in the innovation process, Journal of Scientific Communication, vol 6, pp 11-14

Rogers, EM 1983c, A response to Hanson's rebuttal of the diffusion concept, Journal of Scientific Communication, vol 8, pp 42-43

Rogers, EM 1984, I am right and you are wrong - nyah nyahnyi nyah nyah, Journal of Petty Arguments, vol 6, p 71

Order of Listing

The List of References is ordered alphabetically by primary authors' surnames.

• Multiple authors.
  • Use the sequence of authors' surnames exactly as given in the publication. The primary author, ie, major contributor, is listed first by the publisher.
• Same author:
  • different years: list the author's references chronologically, starting with the earliest date.
  • same year: use an alphabetical suffix (eg 1983a, 1983b) - see example below.

The list can be presented with a line space between each entry, or using a hanging indent for each line (see below). Neither is essential but make reading a little easier.

Atay, MSM 1996, 'Smallholder farmers and the printed word: an evaluation of extension material used in Zamboanga del Sur, Philippines', MAgSc thesis, University of Melbourne.

Biggs, SD 1978, 'Planning Rural Technologies in the context of social structures and reward systems', Journal of Agricultural Economics, vol XXIX, no 3, pp 257-274.

CSIRO Land and Water 2003, River Murray Water Quality: A Salinity Perspective 2003, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, accessed 9 September 2003, from <http://www.clw.csiro.au/priorities/salinity/rivermurray/index.html>.

Guitérrez, EL, Ruiz, EF, Uribe, EG and Martinez, JM 2001. 'Biomass and productivity of water hyacinth and their application in control programs', in MH Julian, MP Hill, TD Center and Ding Jianqing (eds.), ACIAR Proceedings No 102: Biological and integrated control of water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes, ACIAR, Canberra, pp 109-119.

Perkins, JM 2001, 'What should I do?: research for people not pigs', paper presented to ACIAR Workshop on research investment prioritiesin the ASEAN pig sector, Ho Chi Minh City, 12-13 July.

Rogers, EM 1983a, Diffusion of Innovations, 3rd edn, The Free Press, New York, USA.

Rogers, EM 1983b, Prediction of diffusion rates in the innovation process, Journal of Scientific Communication, vol 6, pp 11-14.

Rogers, EM 1983c, A response to Hanson's rebuttal of the diffusion concept, Journal of Scientific Communication, vol 8, pp 42-43.

Rogers, EM 1984, I am right and you are wrong - nyah nyahnyi nyah nyah, Journal of Petty Arguments, vol 6, p 71.

Sangare, O 1997, 'Dugu Kamalemba', in The divas from Mali, (audio CD), Network Medien GmbH, D-60316 Frankfurt, track #10.

Stier, SC and Siebert, SF 2002, 'The Kyoto Protocol: an opportunity for biodiversity restoration forestry', Conservation Biology, vol 16, issue 3, p 575, viewed 11 September 2003, <http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1046/j.1523-1739.2002.01626.x/full/>.

White, B 1981, 'Population, involution and employment in rural Java', in Agricultural and rural development in Indonesia, GE Hansen (ed.), Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, pp 130-146.

Wolter, BF, Ellis, M, Corrigan, BP, DeDecker, JM, Curtis, SE, Parr, EN and Webel, DM 2003, 'Effect of restricted postweaning growth resulting from reduced floor and feeder-trough space on pig growth performance to slaughter weight in a wean-to-finish production system', Journal of Animal Science, (abstract), vol 81, viewed 11 September 2003, <http://app.lib.unimelb.edu.au:2148/jas/abs/2003/a0340836.htm>.

Abbreviations in citations

Abbreviations commonly used in citations are listed below.
Punctuation styles can vary. Very common abbreviations are often written without a full-stop; some publishers require that abbreviations which derive from Latin words be italicised. If in doubt, simply punctuate all abbreviations with a full -stop and do not italicise any of them.