Documenting Information

Introduction to citation

Author-date style | Footnote styles | Numbered styles

Author-date styles

With AUTHOR-DATE styles, an in-text reference is made by citing the author(s) and the date of the work. Rules determine how and where the in-text citations are made. The bibliography (or Reference list) will cite the work in full.

In-text

...other researchers (Vega, Pina & Krevsky, 1998) ignored the implications, but when Petersen (2001) was able to demonstrate significant convergence...

Bibliography or Reading List

Petersen, K. (2001), 'Race and innovation in social justice', Journal of Social Issues, 54(2), 393-404

Vega, L., Pena, M., & Krevsky, A. (1998). 'The diffusion and rejection of innovations'. Academy of Management Review, 16 (3), 586-612.

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Footnote styles

FOOTNOTE styles use an in-text reference number, (small raised number at the end of a sentence) which refers to a footnote placed at the bottom of the page. Rules determine how and where the in-text references are made.

In-text

...other researchers ignored the implications but Petersen was able to demonstrate significant convergence.^2,3

Footnote

The footnote contains full bibliographic details, similar to, but not identical to the bibliography.

²Michael Ho and John Raetz, The Meaning of State: an Investigation of Prejudices (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
³Mairead Petersen. "Elites and the Challenge of Vested Interest in the Guilds, 1492-1521," European History Quarterly 28 (1999): 108.

Bibliography or Reading List

Bibliographies and Reading Lists are listed alphabetically by author surname.

Ho, M. and Raetz, J. The Meaning of State: an Investigation of Prejudices Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Petersen, M. "Elites and the Challenge of Vested Interest in the Guilds, 1492-1521," European History Quarterly 28 1999: 108.

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Numbered styles

With NUMBERED styles, an in-text number refers to a source (with that same number) which appears in the bibliography at the end of the essay or assignment.

In-text

Rules determine how and where the numbers are displayed in the text

...other researchers faced this problem,(2) but it was apparently overcome when Petersen was able to demonstrate significant convergence.(3)

Bibliography

(2) Vega KJ, Pina I, Krevsky B. Heart transplantation is associated with an increased risk for pancreatobiliary disease. New York: Harper and Row; 1974.

(3) Petersen B. Failure of syngeneic bone-marrow graft without preconditioning in post-hepatitis marrow aplasia. Ann Intern Med 1996 Jun 1;124(11):980-3.

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